摘要：近年米，彗星式纖維束濾(lv)池技術在(zai)凈水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)系統(tong)中得到(dao)了(le)(le)廣泛(fan)應用。陜西渭河(he)煤化工集團有限責任公司3期凈水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)系統(tong)采用孔室(shi)旋(xuan)流(liu)加隔板回流(liu)組(zu)合型反應池、斜管沉(chen)淀池、新型D型濾(lv)池組(zu)成為主體(ti)的(de)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工藝處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)，出水(shui)水(shui)質穩定，保(bao)證了(le)(le)生產裝置的(de)工業用水(shui)需(xu)求，從而創(chuang)造了(le)(le)良好(hao)的(de)經濟和環境效益。

渭化集團公司3期原水系統于2010年10月底投入運行，設計規模為3.12×10⁴m³/d。凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)理裝置采用(yong)孔室旋流(liu)加(jia)隔板回(hui)流(liu)組(zu)合(he)型(xing)(xing)反應池(chi)、斜管沉淀池(chi)、新型(xing)(xing)D型(xing)(xing)濾(lv)池(chi)組(zu)成的(de)(de)常規處(chu)理方法，以去(qu)除沈河地(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)中所(suo)含有的(de)(de)泥沙、懸浮(fu)物(wu)及膠體物(wu)，使其濁度≤1mg/L；再與未經處(chu)理的(de)(de)白楊水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)地(di)1級加(jia)壓泵站來的(de)(de)地(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)，在清水(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)中按1:1比(bi)例混合(he)，混合(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)再通過441C加(jia)壓泵送往(wang)各(ge)給水(shui)(shui)(shui)管網。本文以渭化集團公(gong)司新型(xing)(xing)D型(xing)(xing)濾(lv)池(chi)為(wei)例，對(dui)該過濾(lv)技術進行(xing)了(le)深(shen)入探討，為(wei)其今后(hou)工程應用(yong)提(ti)供了(le)可推廣和借鑒(jian)的(de)(de)經驗。

1 新型(xing)D型(xing)濾池(chi)的優點

新型D型濾池是(shi)一種在V型濾池結(jie)構(gou)基礎(chu)上(shang)改進(jin)，并以新型慧(hui)星(xing)式纖維濾料(liao)為技術核心的結(jie)構(gou)先進(jin)、性能優良(liang)的重力式濾池。新型慧(hui)星(xing)式纖維濾料(liao)是(shi)在傳統彗(hui)星(xing)式濾料(liao)結(jie)構(gou)基礎(chu)上(shang)改進(jin)的更(geng)加科學(xue)的過(guo)濾體。適用(yong)于(yu)中、小型給水及污水深(shen)度處(chu)理系(xi)統，近年來被廣(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)于(yu)各種凈(jing)水處(chu)理和工業廢水的深(shen)度過(guo)濾處(chu)理單元(yuan)，是(shi)石英砂等顆(ke)粒(li)狀濾料(liao)濾池的更(geng)新換(huan)代工藝。

新(xin)型D型濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)在(zai)原水(shui)預(yu)處(chu)(chu)理處(chu)(chu)理的(de)工藝中(zhong)，運行(xing)穩(wen)定(ding)，出水(shui)水(shui)質良好(hao)，并有(you)一定(ding)的(de)抗沖擊(ji)負荷(he)能力。新(xin)型D型濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)的(de)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)速大約(yue)是(shi)砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)2~3倍，在(zai)工業用水(shui)緊張的(de)實(shi)際情況(kuang)中(zhong)，相對其它濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)有(you)比較大的(de)優勢。

2 凈水(shui)系統設計進(jin)出水(shui)的(de)水(shui)質(zhi)

根(gen)據渭化原水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)源及工業用水(shui)(shui)的(de)實際要求，渭化集團3期凈水(shui)(shui)處理系(xi)統(tong)進、出水(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)質指標見(jian)表1。

表1 設計進(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)、出水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質

3 凈水處理(li)系統工藝流(liu)程

渭化集團3期凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統是(shi)配(pei)套雙醋(cu)項目的(de)(de)生產(chan)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)、循(xun)環水(shui)(shui)(shui)補充水(shui)(shui)(shui)、消防用水(shui)(shui)(shui)建(jian)設的(de)(de)。考慮(lv)到生產(chan)用水(shui)(shui)(shui)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質要求嚴格等因素，決定選(xuan)擇孔(kong)室旋流(liu)加隔板(ban)回流(liu)組合(he)型(xing)反應池(chi)、斜(xie)管沉淀池(chi)、新型(xing)D型(xing)濾池(chi)的(de)(de)組合(he)工藝(yi)(yi)。圖1所示為該凈水(shui)(shui)(shui)處理系統工藝(yi)(yi)流(liu)程圖。

該凈水處理工(gong)藝結合混凝劑、混凝劑及消(xiao)毒劑的(de)投加，主要去除沈河地表水中所(suo)含有的(de)泥沙、懸浮物(wu)(wu)及膠體物(wu)(wu)。

4 新型(xing)D型(xing)濾池(chi)結構組成及工作原理(li)

新型(xing)D型(xing)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)由(you)池(chi)體、濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)、濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)板、布水(shui)(shui)(shui)系統、布氣系統、濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)密(mi)度調節裝置、管道、閥門(men)、反(fan)洗水(shui)(shui)(shui)泵、反(fan)洗風(feng)機、電(dian)氣控(kong)制(zhi)系統等組成。采用(yong)彗星(xing)式(shi)纖維束濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)作為濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)元，其(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)直(zhi)徑(jing)可達(da)(da)幾十微(wei)米(mi)甚至(zhi)幾微(wei)米(mi)，屬(shu)微(wei)米(mi)級(ji)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)技(ji)術(shu)（砂濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)屬(shu)毫米(mi)級(ji)），具有比表面積和(he)表面自(zi)由(you)能(neng)大、過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)阻(zu)力小(xiao)等特點，增加(jia)了水(shui)(shui)(shui)中雜質顆粒(li)與濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)接觸機會(hui)和(he)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)吸附能(neng)力，大大地提(ti)高了過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)效(xiao)率和(he)截污容(rong)量(liang)。新型(xing)D型(xing)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)運行(xing)時(shi)(shi)，纖維密(mi)度有一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層壓(ya)縮(suo)量(liang)，使濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層孔(kong)隙度沿水(shui)(shui)(shui)流(liu)方向逐漸縮(suo)小(xiao)，密(mi)度逐漸增加(jia)，相應濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層孔(kong)隙直(zhi)徑(jing)逐漸減小(xiao)，實(shi)現(xian)了理想的(de)(de)(de)深層過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。當濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層達(da)(da)到截污容(rong)量(liang)需清(qing)洗再生時(shi)(shi)，彗星(xing)式(shi)纖維束濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)在氣水(shui)(shui)(shui)脈(mo)動作用(yong)下(xia)即可方便地進行(xing)清(qing)洗，達(da)(da)到有效(xiao)恢復纖維束濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)性能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)。濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)層的(de)(de)(de)加(jia)壓(ya)及放松(song)過程無需額外動力，均可通過水(shui)(shui)(shui)力自(zi)動實(shi)現(xian)。

新型D型濾(lv)池工藝簡圖如圖2所示。

對濾(lv)料(liao)(liao)的(de)清洗(xi)(xi)采用(yong)(yong)水洗(xi)(xi)—氣水合(he)洗(xi)(xi)—水洗(xi)(xi)的(de)工藝(yi)，具有清洗(xi)(xi)效率高、無需藥劑浸(jin)泡(pao)清洗(xi)(xi)、自(zi)耗水量低等(deng)優點。濾(lv)層在反(fan)沖洗(xi)(xi)水的(de)作用(yong)(yong)下被充(chong)分放(fang)松，纖維(wei)束(shu)濾(lv)料(liao)(liao)恢復(fu)到松弛(chi)的(de)舒展狀態，在氣水混合(he)擦洗(xi)(xi)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)下，將過濾(lv)截留下的(de)污染物從濾(lv)層中洗(xi)(xi)脫并排出(chu)，使濾(lv)料(liao)(liao)恢復(fu)過濾(lv)性能。

5 新型D濾池的技術性(xing)能(neng)參數

新型D型濾池設計進水量為0.36m³/s，設計(ji)濾速為(wei)17.4m/h，強制(zhi)濾速為(wei)20.8m/h，主要性(xing)能參(can)數詳見表2。

表2 新型(xing)D型(xing)濾(lv)池(chi)性能參數表

濾池分為(wei)4格，池體為(wei)鋼混結構(gou)，為(wei)2層(ceng)建筑。反沖洗(xi)采用獨立(li)氣(qi)水(shui)(shui)分配系統(tong)，布水(shui)(shui)布氣(qi)系統(tong)為(wei)穿孔管形式，反沖洗(xi)方(fang)式還可根據現場實(shi)際情況(kuang)靈活調整(zheng)。

反洗氣：BK7018型羅茨風機2臺（1用1備），為濾池反沖洗提供氣源。單臺風機Q=35.5m³/min，風(feng)壓0.051MP，電機功率Pe=45kW，采用(yong)單獨控制，兩(liang)臺(tai)風(feng)機能夠相互切(qie)換(huan)(huan)，輪番(fan)啟(qi)動，互為(wei)備(bei)用(yong)，即(ji)連續兩(liang)次反洗采用(yong)不同反洗風(feng)機；當(dang)1臺(tai)風(feng)機故障，自動切(qie)換(huan)(huan)到(dao)另1臺(tai)風(feng)機。

反洗水：反沖洗水泵（型號200TIS250B）2臺（1用1備），為濾池反沖洗提供水源。單臺水泵Q=400m³/h，H=14m，電機功率Pe=22kW，水泵(beng)(beng)為單(dan)級泵(beng)(beng)。兩臺反沖洗水泵(beng)(beng)能(neng)夠相互切換(huan)，輪番啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)，互為備用(yong)，即連續兩次反洗采用(yong)不同反洗水泵(beng)(beng)，當1臺水泵(beng)(beng)故障，自(zi)動(dong)(dong)切換(huan)到另1臺水泵(beng)(beng)。

6 濾池(chi)的運行(xing)與控(kong)制

濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)正常工作時為全自(zi)動(dong)(dong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)采用(yong)變水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)方式(shi)，當(dang)(dang)(dang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)周期(qi)和(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)液(ye)位(wei)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)設定值后即進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)分(fen)為氣(qi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)—氣(qi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)—水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)3階段(duan)，各部分(fen)時間(jian)根據現場調試(shi)情(qing)況(kuang)和(he)進(jin)(jin)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)質進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)調整。在(zai)自(zi)動(dong)(dong)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀態(tai)(tai)下(xia)，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)一般根據設定的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)周期(qi)（一般為12~24h）和(he)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)液(ye)位(wei)控制反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，2種情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)任何(he)一種都控制濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)狀況(kuang)。當(dang)(dang)(dang)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)液(ye)位(wei)到(dao)(dao)達(da)(da)上(shang)液(ye)位(wei)，而(er)其它設定值未(wei)到(dao)(dao)達(da)(da)，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)停止(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)結(jie)(jie)束(shu)后濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)處(chu)于(yu)休(xiu)閑狀態(tai)(tai)只有(you)當(dang)(dang)(dang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)到(dao)(dao)達(da)(da)下(xia)液(ye)位(wei)時才啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)；當(dang)(dang)(dang)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)時間(jian)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)設定的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)時間(jian)，而(er)其它設定值未(wei)到(dao)(dao)達(da)(da)，濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)也停止(zhi)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)結(jie)(jie)束(shu)后濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)處(chu)于(yu)休(xiu)閑狀態(tai)(tai)只有(you)當(dang)(dang)(dang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)位(wei)到(dao)(dao)達(da)(da)下(xia)液(ye)位(wei)時才啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)。每次只能反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)1格濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)，依次輪流逐(zhu)格反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)。反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)風(feng)(feng)采用(yong)羅茨風(feng)(feng)機反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)風(feng)(feng)經(jing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)閥通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)布氣(qi)系統進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)層(ceng)(ceng)。反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)采用(yong)離心水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泵反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)采用(yong)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)后水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，從濾(lv)(lv)(lv)池(chi)(chi)總(zong)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)(chi)取水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，經(jing)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)進(jin)(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)閥通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)布水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)系統進(jin)(jin)入(ru)(ru)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)料(liao)層(ceng)(ceng)，由(you)反(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)(fan)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)槽收(shou)集經(jing)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)閥和(he)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)總(zong)管(guan)道自(zi)流入(ru)(ru)回收(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)池(chi)(chi)。

濾池(chi)其(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)系統采用觸摸屏和(he)現場(chang)可(ke)編(bian)程(cheng)序控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器（PLC）控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，分為手動(dong)/自(zi)動(dong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式。濾池(chi)的(de)運行(xing)和(he)反洗(xi)采用1臺PLC集中控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)各濾池(chi)的(de)電動(dong)閥門(men)及配套反洗(xi)風機、反洗(xi)水泵及出口電動(dong)閥門(men)，PLC控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柜配置1臺觸摸屏以便(bian)調整濾池(chi)運行(xing)和(he)反洗(xi)參數。各格濾池(chi)配備1臺電動(dong)閥門(men)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)柜實現就地控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。

每格(ge)濾池配套有進(jin)水(shui)(shui)閘(zha)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、清水(shui)(shui)出口閥(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)（調(diao)節型）、反洗(xi)進(jin)水(shui)(shui)閥(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、反洗(xi)進(jin)氣閥(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、反洗(xi)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)閥(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)5個電(dian)動閥(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)（見圖2），以(yi)及反洗(xi)風機(ji)出口閥(fa)(fa)、排(pai)空閥(fa)(fa)，反洗(xi)水(shui)(shui)泵出口閥(fa)(fa)。電(dian)動閥(fa)(fa)門(men)(men)(men)(men)具有全開、全關兩種狀態(tai)；反洗(xi)風機(ji)和(he)反洗(xi)水(shui)(shui)泵有運(yun)行、停止和(he)故障等3種狀態(tai)，通過人機(ji)界(jie)面可(ke)監視這(zhe)些狀態(tai)。

7 處理效果

目前，該濾池經過連續3年(nian)多的(de)水質監測，新型D型濾池出水水質均達到工(gong)業用(yong)水的(de)要(yao)求見表3。表3中所列數(shu)據為從2012年(nian)1月至(zhi)2012年(nian)12月的(de)均值。

表3 污水(shui)廠實際進(jin)水(shui)、出水(shui)水(shui)質(zhi)

 渭化集團(tuan)公(gong)司3期凈水系(xi)統(tong)采用新型(xing)D型(xing)濾(lv)池工藝，在水源為地表水的(de)因季節及雨(yu)量的(de)變化原水濁度變化較大的(de)情(qing)況下，基本可以使出水水質長期穩(wen)定(ding)達標。新型(xing)D型(xing)濾(lv)池在渭化集團(tuan)凈水處理(li)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)成(cheng)功運行，是保(bao)證后續生產裝置連(lian)續穩(wen)定(ding)運行的(de)前提。